Wheat Production Technology

Introduction

Wheat is one of the most important crops and the staple food of the people. It plays a crucial role in ensuring food security as well as economic stability. Wheat is the most widely cultivated crop in the country, and achieving high production levels requires following the best agricultural practices.

In Punjab last year, wheat was cultivated on approximately 16 million acres, with an estimated production of 26 million tons. The target for the upcoming season is to increase production by 12-15% by adopting advanced agricultural techniques. Given the rising population and climate changes, improving wheat productivity is essential. Farmers must adopt modern agricultural methods, use high-quality seeds, and follow best management practices for soil fertility, irrigation, and pest control to ensure high yields.

The federal and Punjab governments have introduced several initiatives to support wheat farmers. These include subsidies on fertilizers, improved seeds, and agricultural machinery to enhance wheat production. Additionally, research institutions are developing new high-yield and disease-resistant wheat varieties to support farmers.

By adopting modern farming techniques, using high-quality inputs, and following the recommended best practices, farmers can significantly increase wheat production and contribute to national food security.

Wheat Production Analysis in Punjab (2018-2023)

The analysis of wheat production data in Punjab over the last five years (2018-2023) reveals several key trends. The wheat area, measured in thousand hectares, shows some fluctuation but remains relatively stable. There is a slight peak in 2020-21, followed by a minor decrease in the subsequent years. The total production, measured in thousand metric tons, demonstrates a generally upward trend, indicating increasing wheat output despite variations in the cultivated area. Notably, the highest production is observed in 2022-23. The average yield, represented in kilograms per hectare, also exhibits an overall increase, suggesting improvements in agricultural practices and productivity over time. This upward trend in yield contributes significantly to the growth in total production, even with slight fluctuations in the area under cultivation. Overall, the data indicates a positive trajectory for wheat production in Punjab, with increased yields playing a crucial role in driving overall output growth.

Source: Crop Reporting Service Punjab

Figure 1: Wheat cultivation area, total production and average yeild in Punjab (2018-2023)

Drivers of Increased Average Wheat Yield in 2022-23

In the year 2022-23, the average wheat yield increased by approximately 7.3% compared to the previous year. The factors contributing to this increase are outlined below:

  • Timely Sowing: Due to the availability of early-maturing varieties of rice and cotton, wheat was sown on a relatively larger area in a timely manner, specifically in the month of November.

  • Favorable Rainfall: Frequent and timely rainfall provided better water availability for the crop.

  • Optimal Temperatures: During the grain formation and filling stages in March and April, temperatures remained favorable for the crop, leading to an increase in the number, size, and weight of grains.

  • Availability of Improved Varieties: A greater number of improved, high-yielding varieties with adaptability to changing climatic conditions and resistance to rust were available.

  • Shift to New Varieties: Increased cultivation of new, improved varieties over older, unapproved varieties.

  • Disease Resistance: Reduced incidence of disease due to the cultivation of rust-resistant varieties.

  • Certified Seed Supply: Availability and use of certified seed.

  • Government Initiatives: Initiatives by the Department of Agriculture, Government of Punjab for wheat promotion, and the provision of certified seed, fertilizers, and herbicides at subsidized rates.

Wheat Sowing Time

Irrigated Areas

  • The optimal sowing time for wheat in irrigated areas is from November 1st to November 20th. However, sowing can be done until November 30th.

  • For specific varieties:

    • Fakhr-e-Bhakkar-17: October 25th to November 15th
    • Nishan-21: November 1st to November 30th
    • Bhakkar Star-19: November 10th to December 10th

  • For other varieties (Arooj-22, Dilkash-20, Akbar-19, Anaj-17, Zangool-16, Johar-16, Borlaug-16, Ujala-16, and Faisalabad-2008), sowing can be done from November 1st to December 10th.

Rainfed (Barani) Areas

  • The recommended sowing time for wheat in rainfed areas is from October 15th to November 15th.

Seed Rate

Maintain the following seed rates based on the sowing time. If the germination rate is less than 85%, adjust the seed rate accordingly.

Sowing Time Seed Rate
November 1st to 20th 40 to 45 kg per acre
November 21st to December 10th 50 kg per acre
Note

Increasing the seed rate to a certain extent in late sowing enhances the growth of primary tillers, which positively impacts yield. Furthermore, this increase in seed rate also aids in weed control, as a higher plant population in the crop reduces the opportunity for weeds to flourish.

Seed Availability

Seed of improved wheat varieties is available at the depots and dealers of the Punjab Seed Corporation and registered private seed companies. Farmers should take advantage of this facility and use disease-free, certified seed. When purchasing seed, farmers must ensure the authenticity of the certified seed by checking the relevant Federal Seed Certification tag. Registered farmers can obtain seed of selected wheat varieties at subsidized rates under the National Program for Enhancing Per Acre Wheat Yield.

Seed Treatment

Various diseases such as loose smut, Karnal bunt, wheat blast, and seedling blight commonly attack wheat crops, leading to yield losses. To prevent these, treat the seed before sowing with Thiophenate-methyl at a rate of 2 to 2.5 grams or Imidacloprid + Tebuconazole at a rate of 2 ml per kilogram of seed.

Method of Seed Treatment

It is preferable to use a rotating drum for seed treatment. However, if a drum is not available, you can use a plastic bag. Add the weighed seed and the recommended fungicide to the bag, tie the mouth of the bag, and shake it thoroughly from both sides to ensure that every seed is coated with the fungicide. Remember to fill the bag only about halfway so that the seed can be shaken properly and the fungicide can adhere well to the seed.

Land Leveling and Its Importance

For obtaining a full and robust yield from any crop, it is extremely important for the field to be well-leveled. This ensures that water is applied evenly, and the crop’s germination is uniform and improved. Additionally, agricultural inputs are also distributed uniformly throughout the field. Most importantly, the irrigation given to the wheat crop, especially the first irrigation, can be provided in the required and uniform quantity, and the crop is not adversely affected by water scarcity or excess, leading to better crop growth. Therefore, it is essential to level the field. It is best to use a laser land leveler for this purpose.

Benefits of Drill Sowing and Fertilizer Application

Given the rising costs of chemical fertilizers, it is crucial to use them judiciously. The efficiency of fertilizers increases when they are applied through a drill during sowing. Since the fertilizer is placed close to the plant roots, the crop can utilize every granule. Additionally, the crop’s germination becomes more uniform and robust. When sowing with a drill, it is essential to ensure that the tines do not go deeper than 2.5 inches, as this can delay germination and reduce tillering. When applying fertilizer with a drill, do not mix the seed and fertilizer; instead, place them in separate boxes. Avoid applying nitrogenous fertilizers like urea through the drill. While sowing, regularly check the drill. If any pipe dispensing seed or fertilizer gets clogged with soil or if seed/fertilizer is not being dispensed, stop the machine, rectify the issue, and then resume sowing.

Calibration of the Drill Machine

Before use, calibrate the drill machine to determine its seed dispensing rate. The procedure is as follows: Fill the seed box with seed. Attach plastic bags to each seed tube. Slightly lift the drill with a tractor and operate it in a way that the wheel driving the drill rotates against the ground, causing the seed to fall and collect in the bags attached to the seed tubes. After a short distance, stop the drill and weigh the seed collected in the bags. Calculate the area covered by multiplying the width of the drill with the distance traveled. Divide the weight of the collected seed by the calculated area to determine the seed rate per unit area and ascertain how much seed the drill will dispense per acre. Adjust the drill’s gauge to increase or decrease the seed rate as per recommendations.

Example

  • Weight of seed collected in bags attached to seed tubes = 500 grams
  • Width of the drill = 8 feet (Note: The image mentions 30 feet, which is likely incorrect based on the calculations)
  • Distance traveled = 30 feet
  • Area covered (length x width) = 240 square feet
  • Seed rate = 500/240 = 2.08 grams per square foot
  • Seed rate per acre = Approximately 90 kilograms

According to the example above, the drill will dispense 90 kilograms of seed per acre, which is about twice the recommended rate. Therefore, adjust the gauge to reduce the rate and repeat the process until the desired rate is achieved. In the case of a combined drill, the fertilizer box adjustment should also be done separately using the same method.

Land Preparation and Sowing Methods for Wheat in Irrigated Areas

For a good wheat yield, prepare the land thoroughly. Plow the fields two to three times at intervals to kill weeds and convert soil nutrients into an accessible form. Divide the fields into small plots to manage water efficiently. Apply pre-sowing irrigation and plow the field when it reaches the “wattar” (optimal moisture) stage, ensuring the soil is not too sticky. This method is suitable for both irrigated and rainfed areas. In irrigated areas, level the land and plow deeply to ensure proper seed placement. For heavy soils, plow twice, and for lighter soils, plow once before leveling.

In the irrigated areas of Bahawalpur, wheat is primarily sown in cotton and sugarcane fields, and some is sown on fallow land. The following details the sowing methods for different situations:

1. Sowing Wheat After Cotton, Sugarcane, or Other Crops

  • Wattar Method: Irrigate the field 15-20 days before sowing to allow for proper soil preparation. After the “wattar” stage, plow twice and level the field. Sow the wheat using a drill at a uniform depth for better germination.

  • Dry Method: After harvesting the previous crop, plow the field once or twice and level it. Sow the wheat using a drill and then irrigate the field. Ensure the seed is sown at a depth of 2 inches. This method saves time and allows for early germination due to ample water availability. It is suitable for most soils, especially heavy soils.

  • Rouni Method: After harvesting the previous crop, plow the field once and level it. Divide the field into plots and irrigate. After 6-8 hours, when the soil is suitable for working, sow the wheat. This method is suitable for sandy soils as it minimizes the negative effects of waterlogging. For sandy soils with poor drainage, pre-sowing irrigation is not necessary.

2. Sowing Wheat After Rice

Depending on the soil type, plow the field 15-25 days after rice harvest, allowing the soil to reach the “wattar” stage. Use a rotavator or cultivator after rice harvest. Then, level the field and sow the wheat. Avoid burning rice stubble as it contributes to environmental pollution and destroys soil nutrients.

3. Zero Tillage Sowing

If a zero-tillage drill (Pak Seeder) is available, sow wheat directly after rice or any other crop without land preparation. This saves time and reduces costs. After harvesting maize, spread the remaining crop residue and sow wheat using a zero-tillage drill or Pak Seeder. This method reduces environmental pollution. Ensure the soil has adequate moisture for good germination. Research shows that sowing wheat with a Pak Seeder after harvesting rice with a combine harvester yields good results.

4. Bed Planting

Bed planting saves water and improves aeration. It allows for efficient water management and reduces the impact of waterlogging. It is suitable for saline soils and prevents lodging. It also facilitates intercropping of crops like canola and mustard. Bed planting machines are available in the market.

5. Creating Beds After Sowing

Research by the Ayub Agricultural Research Institute and Pakistan Agricultural Research Council shows that creating beds after sowing wheat in areas with poor water absorption can significantly increase yields. This method is beneficial in irrigated areas, especially rice-growing areas and sandy soils. It is not suitable for loamy soils.

6. Sowing Wheat in Standing Cotton

  • Sometimes, wheat can be sown in standing cotton fields. This method requires careful management. After the final cotton picking, irrigate the field. If there are weeds, remove them. If a drill is available, sow the wheat at a uniform depth. If not, sow the wheat based on the soil moisture. Do not use a rotavator if the soil is too wet. Ensure the field is free of cotton sticks.

  • The best time to sow wheat in standing cotton is from early to mid-November, but it can be done until November 30th. Use a seed rate of 55-60 kg per acre.

  • Apply recommended fertilizers with irrigation after cotton picking. Apply the second dose of nitrogen fertilizer with the second irrigation. Ensure that water does not flow over the beds during irrigation to prevent fertilizer loss.

  • Cut the cotton sticks 30-40 days after sowing (late December or early January) and remove them from the field to prevent hindrance to wheat growth.

Wheat Cultivation Methods in Rainfed Areas

Using Green Manure

In rainfed areas, if crops like Sesbania (Jantar) and Cluster Bean (Guar) are sown in June and then plowed into the soil by August 15-20 (approximately two months later), it enhances soil fertility and leads to better wheat yields. Additionally, cultivating crops during the Kharif season increases the soil’s fertility and water retention capacity and helps control weeds.

Conserving Moisture and Sowing Method

After the first monsoon rain, run a moldboard plow (soil turning plow) or chisel plow in the fallow fields so that the soil becomes loose to a significant depth and absorbs maximum water. Before sowing wheat, plow as needed and level the field to destroy weeds and create a layer of loose soil on the surface to absorb and retain more water. Before sowing, plow twice with a regular plow and use a heavy plank to bring moisture to the surface layer of the soil. Sow wheat using a drill. Apply the entire recommended amount of fertilizer before sowing during land preparation.

Fertilizer Recommendations for Wheat

For obtaining a full wheat yield, determine fertilizer usage based on soil analysis from a laboratory in your district, considering the soil’s basic fertility, texture, type, available canal or tubewell water quantity and condition, cropping intensity, and previous crop.

Fertilizer Recommendations for Irrigated Areas

Soil Fertility Type Nutrient Elements (kg/acre) Fertilizer Quantity (bags/acre)

Poor Soil

  • Organic Matter up to 0.86%

  • Phosphorus up to 7 ppm

  • Potassium up to 80 ppm

  • Nitrogen: 64

  • Phosphorus: 46

  • Potassium: 25
  • 2 bags DAP + 2 bags Urea + 1 bag SOP/MOP

OR

  • 3 bags SSP (18%) + 2.75 bags Urea + 1 bag SOP/MOP

Average Fertile Soil

  • Organic Matter 0.86% to 1.29%

  • Phosphorus 7 to 14 ppm

  • Potassium 80 to 180 ppm

  • Nitrogen: 54

  • Phosphorus: 34

  • Potassium: 25
  • 1.5 bags DAP + 1.75 bags Urea + 1 bag SOP/MOP

OR

  • 4 bags SSP (18%) + 2.25 bags Urea + 1 bag SOP/MOP

OR

  • 2 bags SSP (18%) + 2.25 bags NitroPhos + 3 bags Ammonium Nitrate + 1 bag SOP/MOP

Fertile Soil

  • Organic Matter above 1.29%

  • Phosphorus above 14 ppm

  • Potassium above 180 ppm

  • Nitrogen: 46

  • Phosphorus: 30

  • Potassium: 25
  • 1.25 bags DAP + 1.5 bags Urea + 1 bag SOP/MOP

OR

  • 3.25 bags SSP (18%) + 2 bags Urea + 1 bag SOP/MOP

OR

  • 2 bags SSP (18%) + 1.25 bags NitroPhos + 2.5 bags Ammonium Nitrate + 1 bag SOP/MOP

Fertilizer Recommendations for Rainfed Areas

Annual Rainfall Nutrient Elements (kg/acre) Fertilizer Quantity (bags/acre)

Low Rainfall Area

  • (Up to 350 mm annual rainfall)

  • Regions: Rajanpur, Layyah, Mianwali, Bhakkar, Dera Ghazi Khan, Muzaffargarh, and rainfed areas of Khushab e.g. Jund, Pindi Gheb

  • Nitrogen: 32

  • Phosphorus: 23

  • Potassium: 12
  • 1 bag DAP + 1 bag Urea + 0.5 bag SOP/MOP

Medium Rainfall Area

  • (350 to 600 mm annual rainfall)

  • Regions: Chakwal, Talagang, Pind Dadan Khan

  • Nitrogen: 40

  • Phosphorus: 28

  • Potassium: 12
  • 1.25 bags DAP + 1.25 bags Urea + 0.5 bag SOP/MOP

High Rainfall Area

  • (Above 600 mm)

  • Regions: Rawalpindi, Attock, Jhelum, Sohawa, Narowal, Gujrat, Kharian, Shakargarh

  • Nitrogen: 48

  • Phosphorus: 34

  • Potassium: 25
  • 1.75 bags DAP + 2.25 bags Urea + 1 bag SOP/MOP

(These recommendations are based on Soil Fertility Research Institute, Lahore.)

Method of Fertilizer Application

  • Apply the full amount of phosphorus and potash fertilizers, and the first installment of nitrogen fertilizer at the time of sowing.

  • It is more effective to apply granular phosphorus and potash fertilizers using a drill at the time of sowing, as this increases their efficiency.

  • Apply nitrogen fertilizer in 2 or 3 installments, while in sandy areas, apply it in four or more installments, as there is a higher chance of it being lost in such soils.

  • If phosphorus fertilizer cannot be applied at the time of sowing, apply it with the first irrigation. In the case of late sowing, apply the full amount of fertilizer at the time of sowing.

  • In rainfed areas, apply the full amount of fertilizer at the time of sowing.

  • In saline (Kallarathi) soils, use gypsum before the monsoon according to chemical analysis.

  • Progressive farmers should use 2 bags of DAP per acre.

Nutrient Content in Different Fertilizers

Alternative fertilizers can also be used to apply the recommended amount of nutrients. The following table can be used as a guide.

Fertilizer Name Bag Weight (kg) Nitrogen (N)(Percentage) Phosphorus (P₂O₅)(Percentage) Potash (K₂O)(Percentage)
Urea 50 46 - -
NitroPhos 50 22 20 -
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN) 50 26 - -
Single Super Phosphate (SSP) 18% 50 - 18 -
Single Super Phosphate (SSP) 14% 50 - 14 -
Triple Super Phosphate (TSP) 50 - 46 -
Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) 50 18 46 -
Potassium Sulfate (SOP) 50 - - 50
Potassium Chloride (MOP) 50 - - 60

Use of Zinc and Boron in Wheat

Applying Zinc Sulfate (ZnSO4) 33% at a rate of 5 kg per acre and Boric Acid 17% at a rate of 2.5 kg per acre at the time of sowing has a positive impact on wheat yield. If Zinc Sulfate was used in the previous crop, then do not use it in the current wheat crop.

Use of Farmyard Manure and Green Manure

The amount of organic matter in our soils is quite low. Therefore, to maintain the basic fertility and physical condition of the soil, and in view of the rising prices of chemical fertilizers, the use of farmyard manure or green manure is very important. Use well-rotted farmyard manure at a rate of 8 to 10 tons (three to four trolleys) per acre or cultivate guar, jantar, or other leguminous crops before the wheat crop and incorporate them into the soil as green manure when they start flowering. Remember to do this two months before wheat sowing and repeat it every two to three years. In rice areas where Basmati rice varieties are to be cultivated after wheat, jantar or other leguminous crops can be cultivated after wheat harvesting. These crops can be plowed into the soil 15 to 20 days before Basmati rice transplanting, which also helps to restore soil fertility.

Methods to Restore Soil Fertility and Reduce Chemical Fertilizer Use

When fertilizer is applied to a plant, the roots distribute it to various parts of the plant, including grains, fruits, leaves, and branches. When we harvest the crop, all these parts, including grains, fruits, leaves, and branches, are removed from the field. Consequently, all the nutrients (fertilizer) present in these parts are also taken out of the field.

Therefore, to prevent nutrient loss, after harvesting the crop, besides the fruits, vegetables, or grains, incorporate all the leaves, branches, stubble, etc., back into the soil by using a rotavator or disc harrow, or make compost from them and add it back to the soil. This way, the nutrients (fertilizer) present in them will be returned to the soil, reducing the need for fertilizer in the next crop and minimizing the loss of applied fertilizer.

Irrigation

Irrigate wheat sown after different crops according to the following schedule. However, adjustments can be made to the irrigation schedule based on weather conditions, soil type, and crop needs.

Wheat Sown After Cotton, Sugarcane, or Other Crops

  • First Irrigation: At the tillering stage, i.e., 20 to 25 days after sowing (when the crown roots emerge).
    • This stage is crucial for water, and delayed irrigation results in fewer tillers and fewer grains per ear.
  • Second Irrigation: 80 to 90 days after sowing (at the booting stage).
    • At this time, the ear is developing and emerging. Lack of or delayed irrigation at this stage leads to smaller ears with fewer grains, reducing yield.
  • Third Irrigation: At the grain filling stage, i.e., 125 to 130 days after sowing (at the milk stage).
    • This is the time for grain formation and filling. Lack of or delayed irrigation at this stage results in smaller grain size and lower weight, reducing yield.
Note

If the weather remains consistently hot and dry, apply an additional irrigation as needed between the first and second, and between the second and third irrigations.

Wheat Sown After Rice

  • First Irrigation: 35 to 45 days after sowing.

    • Since rice fields have higher moisture content, delay the first irrigation to allow the soil to settle, ensure proper aeration for the roots, and promote tillering.

  • Second Irrigation: 80 to 90 days after sowing (at the booting stage).

  • Third Irrigation: At the grain filling stage, i.e., 125 to 130 days after sowing (at the milk stage).

Irrigation of Late-Sown Wheat

  • First Irrigation: At the tillering stage (25 to 30 days after sowing).

  • Second Irrigation: At the booting stage (70 to 80 days after sowing).

  • Third Irrigation: At the grain filling stage (110 to 115 days after sowing) (at the milk stage).

Irrigation of Wheat in Thal Region

  • In the Thal region and other hot sandy areas, irrigate wheat according to the following schedule, considering local weather conditions:

  • First Irrigation: 20 to 25 days after sowing.

  • Second Irrigation: At the tillering stage (40 to 45 days after sowing).

  • Third Irrigation: At the booting stage (70 to 75 days after sowing).

  • Fourth Irrigation: At the flowering stage (90 to 95 days after sowing).

  • Fifth Irrigation: At the grain filling stage (110 to 115 days after sowing).

  • Sixth Irrigation: At the grain development stage (130 to 135 days after sowing).

Precautions for Wheat Irrigation in the Context of Climate Change

Irrigate the wheat crop with great care and keep the following points in mind to conserve water in case of water scarcity and protect the crop in case of excess water (i.e., rain).

  • Level the fields so that water is applied in the right quantity and evenly across the field.

  • After sowing wheat, make small beds in the fields so that water can be applied according to the crop’s needs.

  • In soils that do not absorb water quickly, sow wheat on ridges to protect the crop from excessive water loss in case of heavy rain.

  • Stay informed about weather forecasts before irrigating.

  • Complete the last irrigation by March 25th. However, water can still be applied after this date, considering weather conditions and crop needs.

Weed Control in Wheat

To achieve high and quality wheat yields, weed control is essential. Adopt the following methods:

Non-Chemical Weed Control

  • Crop Rotation: Rotate crops and cultivate fodder crops like berseem in wheat fields every two to three years.

  • Harrowing: If possible, harrow twice after the first irrigation when the field reaches the “wattar” stage. This significantly reduces weeds and maintains moisture in the soil for a longer period.

  • Hand Weeding: If the area is small, hand weed with a hoe or khurpa after crop emergence. This method is quite effective, provided labor is available.

Chemical Weed Control

  • Herbicide Application: Use recommended herbicides in consultation with the Department of Agriculture Extension or Pest Warning staff.

  • Herbicide Selection: Wheat fields are infested with both broadleaf and grassy weeds. Select the appropriate herbicide accordingly. Spray the recommended herbicide for broadleaf weeds after the first irrigation. Spray for grassy weeds after the second irrigation for effective control. Herbicides that control both types of weeds are also available and can be applied at the 40-45 day crop stage with good results.

  • Precautions: Use herbicides cautiously in sandy and saline areas. Avoid harrowing or using a bar harrow after spraying, and do not use the weeds as fodder.

  • Spraying Technique: Always calibrate the sprayer machine. Use 100-120 liters of water per acre. Avoid double spraying in any area or leaving any area unsprayed.

  • Nozzle and Weather: Use specialized nozzles (Flat Fan or T-Jet) for spraying. Do not spray in strong winds, fog, or rain. Preferably spray in sunlight when dew has evaporated from the leaves.

Spray Machine Calibration

Fill the spray machine with water up to a set level and spray it on the crop as if you were spraying pesticide. When the water in the machine runs out, measure the area of the sprayed crop. Assume this area is one-eighth of an acre, then eight tanks of water will be required to spray one acre of crop. Divide the recommended per acre quantity of pesticide for the aforementioned one-acre area into eight equal parts and mix one part in each tank of water before spraying.

Environmental Impacts on Crops

Due to climate change, untimely and unexpected rains, and abnormal fluctuations in temperature, harmful and unexpected effects occur on crops. Additionally, the intensity of attacks by harmful insects and diseases also varies. These effects also impact the sowing time. To minimize these effects, stay informed about weather forecasts, take special care of crop maintenance and plant protection. In case of excessive rain, arrange for drainage of water from wheat fields. In case of drought and high temperatures, irrigate the crop according to its water needs. Sow wheat on ridges in clayey and low-lying soils. Sow varieties that are resistant to smut. Sow varieties that have relatively better resistance to lodging (falling over). Sow varieties that are adaptable to climate change.

Harmful Insects, Birds, and Rodents Affecting Wheat

Various insects, birds, and rodents attack the wheat crop, causing damage. Among these, the wheat aphid is the most significant.

Pest Name Identification Method of Damage and Harm Control
Wheat Aphid (Aphid) This is a small, greenish insect with a pear-shaped body. Two tubes are visible at the rear of its body, from which a sweet substance called “honey dew” is secreted. This honey dew causes a black sooty mold to grow on the leaves. This insect sucks sap from the leaves, shoots, and ears of the plant, weakening and stunting growth. In severe infestations, grains shrink, negatively impacting yield. The attack is more prevalent from mid-February to March. In severe infestations, a black sooty mold develops on the leaves, hindering the plant’s ability to photosynthesize.

  • Natural Predators: Beneficial insects such as ladybird beetles, lacewings, spiders, hoverflies, and parasitic insects naturally control their population. To encourage this, plant two rows of mustard at 100-foot intervals in the wheat field.

  • Promote Timely Sowing

  • Balanced Fertilizer Use: Balanced fertilizer application can reduce aphid infestations.

  • High-Pressure Water Spray: In severe infestations, spray the plants with high-pressure water.
Black Ant This insect makes underground nests. They damage seeds and seedlings.

  • Apply recommended pesticides at the time of sowing.

  • If the attack occurs after emergence, apply recommended pesticides with irrigation.

  • After harvesting, plow the field to expose the ants and their eggs to sunlight, which kills them.

  • Use organic fertilizer.
Termites (Termites) This is a small, pale-colored insect that lives in colonies underground. They attack the roots of the crop, causing the plants to wilt and die. The attack is more common in dry areas.

  • Apply well-rotted farmyard manure.

  • Use recommended pesticides at the time of sowing.

  • If the attack occurs after emergence, apply recommended pesticides with irrigation.
Cutworm (Cutworm) This insect is active at night and hides in the soil during the day. It cuts the seedlings at the base, damaging the crop.

  • Apply recommended pesticides around the base of the plants.

  • Collect and destroy the larvae.
Armyworm (Armyworm) This insect is greenish-brown and has stripes on its body. It feeds on leaves and ears of the crop, causing significant damage.

  • Spray recommended pesticides.

  • Use light traps to attract and kill the moths.
Pink Borer (Pink Borer) This insect damages the stems and ears of the crop. The larvae bore into the stems and ears, feeding on the developing grains and weakening the plants.

  • Remove and destroy infested plants.

  • Spray recommended pesticides.
American Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) This insect has a variable color and feeds on various crops. It feeds on the leaves and ears of the crop, causing significant damage.

  • Use pheromone traps to monitor and control the population.

  • Spray recommended pesticides.

  • Encourage natural predators.

  • Avoid excessive use of nitrogenous fertilizers.
Rodents (Rats) These are commonly found in fields and cause damage to various crops besides wheat. They eat and damage the crop. They also damage irrigation channels and bunds.

  • Use zinc phosphide bait: Mix one part zinc phosphide with 20 parts of flour and make small balls. Place these balls in burrows and near the crop.

  • Use aluminum phosphide tablets: Place one tablet in each burrow and seal it with mud. The gas released by the tablets will kill the rodents.

  • Use rodent traps.

  • Encourage natural predators.

  • Use sticky traps.
Birds (Sparrows, Starlings, Crows, etc.)

  • Crows and starlings pick up seeds at the time of sowing and damage the crop.

  • Sparrows damage the crop by uprooting and eating young plants.

  • Birds attack the ripening crop. Flocks of birds eat and waste grains from the ears.

  • Encourage birds of prey.

  • Scare them away by banging tin cans.

  • Scare away birds by placing flags made of cloth or wax paper in the fields.

Intercropping Mustard in Wheat for Aphid Control

The aphid attack occurs first on the mustard crop, and beneficial insects also appear first on it. When the aphid attack starts on wheat, these beneficial insects move onto the wheat and control the aphids by eating them within a few days. The aphids that attack mustard do not attack wheat, and the aphids that attack wheat do not attack mustard. However, the beneficial insects found on both crops eat and successfully control all types of aphids. Additionally, extra income can be earned from the mustard yield. Therefore, intercrop two lines of mustard or canola in the wheat field at a distance of 100 feet.

Wheat Diseases and Their Control

Disease Name Cause of Disease Symptoms Prevention
Rust (Kungi)

This disease is caused by fungi. It spreads due to air and moisture. The attack of this fungus occurs in cold and humid weather.

Two types of rust attack wheat in Punjab:

  1. Yellow Rust (Yellow Rust): Yellow-colored pustules appear in rows on leaves.

  2. Leaf Rust (Brown Rust): Brown-colored pustules appear scattered on leaves.

 Winter rains help in the spread of this disease. In yellow rust, small yellow spots appear in parallel rows or lines. In brown rust, brown spots are irregular and scattered, due to which a brown rust-like powder appears on the leaves. Remember, yellowing of leaves alone is not a symptom of rust.

  • Plant recommended rust-resistant varieties.

  • Plant three to four different varieties instead of just one over a large area.

  • Sow the crop in November as rust attacks less on early-sown crops.

  • Avoid unnecessary irrigation and high seed rates.

  • Do not overuse nitrogenous fertilizers.

Use potash fertilizers to enhance plant resistance.
Karnal Bunt (Juzvi Kangyari) The cause of this disease is a fungus (Tilletia indica). Its spores are present in infected seeds and infected fields. In this, a few tillers of the plant become diseased. A few grains from the remaining tillers and green ears are affected by the disease. The disease attack occurs when the ear emerges. Some part of the grain is affected by the fungus and turns into black powder, while starch remains preserved in the rest.

  • Plant resistant varieties.

  • Treat seeds with recommended fungicides before sowing.

  • Do not use infected crop seed.

  • Practice crop rotation.
Loose Smut (Khuli Kangyari) This disease is caused by a type of fungus called (Ustilago tritici). This disease originates from infected seeds and appears during ear emergence. This disease appears in the form of black powdery ears. This black powder, which is seen in diseased ears instead of grains, is actually the spores of the disease-causing fungus. These spores fly from the ears through the air and fall on the newly formed ears of healthy plants. The disease remains inside the grain. Using these grains as seeds in the following year causes the disease. This disease has attacked all of Punjab, although its attack is more severe in rain-fed areas.

  • Use seed from healthy plants.

  • In May and June, soak the seeds in water for 4 to 6 hours and then dry them well in the sun to store them for the next crop.

  • Remove and destroy infected plants.

  • Collect and destroy crop debris.
Foot Rot (Gundum ka Akheira) This disease is also caused by Fusarium fungus (species) It spreads by sowing diseased seeds or due to the presence of the disease-causing fungus in the soil. This disease attacks plants twice: the first attack is on seedlings, and the second is on young plants. In the first case, germination is very low. The second attack occurs in February-March. At this time, the affected plants die. However, the ears either become completely devoid of grains, or the grains remain small.

  • Collect and destroy crop debris.

  • Use healthy seeds

  • Cultivate certified seeds of varieties recommended by the department

  • Treat seeds with recommended fungicides.

  • Avoid early sowing in areas where there is a risk of the disease.

  • Dry sowing followed by immediate irrigation reduces the disease.
Powdery Mildew (Gundum ki Safoofi Phaphundi) This disease is caused by a type of fungus called (Erysiphe graminis). This disease spreads through the air. This disease can attack all above-ground parts of the wheat plant, but it usually appears as white powdery patches on the upper surface of the leaves. The affected part of the leaf turns brown or dark brown on the underside. The grains become shriveled and thin, and the yield decreases. Cool, cloudy, and high humidity conditions are favorable for it.

  • Plant resistant varieties.

  • Spray recommended fungicides when symptoms appear.

  • Avoid excessive nitrogen fertilizers.

  • Ensure good air circulation in the field.
Note

Other diseases like blight of gram, leaf spot, and bunt of wheat can also attack the crop. Prevent these diseases by treating seeds with recommended fungicides and following other recommended practices.

Wheat Harvesting

  • Harvest the crop when it is fully ripe.
  • Arrange for laborers, threshers, tractor trolleys, tarpaulins or plastic sheets, and combine harvesters etc. before cutting and threshing to ensure timely handling of the crop.
  • Stop harvesting during rain and resume only when the weather improves.
  • Make the sheaves relatively small and keep the ears facing the same direction.
  • Keep the threshing floor (Khalwara) small and locate it in elevated fields.
  • Dig a trench around the threshing floor to drain rainwater.
  • Try to minimize losses during cutting and threshing by regularly checking the machinery and improving its performance if grains are being lost in the straw etc.
  • Do not burn crop residues.

Use of Wheat Straw Chopper

If the crop has been harvested with a combine harvester, use a wheat straw chopper to make straw. This provides additional income and allows for proper utilization of crop residues instead of burning them.

Strict Prohibition of Burning Crop Residues

Burning crop residues is strictly prohibited. Therefore, do not burn stubble or other residues after harvesting the crop, as it causes environmental pollution. Additionally, fires near highways can lead to fatal accidents. It is also dangerous to burn residues at this time of year because there is a risk of nearby standing wheat crops catching fire. Controlling fires in hot weather is very difficult. Therefore, do not burn crop residues at all. Instead, make straw using a straw-making machine and increase the profitability of the crop. Alternatively, incorporate these residues into the soil using a rotavator to improve its fertility and reduce the use of expensive fertilizers.

Cultivation of Green Manure Crops

In fields where there is a gap of about one and a half to two months before the next crop is sown after wheat harvesting, such as in rice areas where Basmati varieties are to be sown, cultivate green manure crops after wheat harvesting. Notable examples include Sesbania (Jantar), Mung bean (Moong), Cluster bean (Guar), and Cowpea (Rowan). Incorporate these crops into the soil using a rotavator when they start flowering and then sow the next crop. This helps to improve soil fertility and significantly reduces the fertilizer requirement of the subsequent crop.

Storing and Protecting Wheat

Farmers should adopt the following precautionary measures to protect wheat from harmful insect infestations during storage.

Threshing

While threshing wheat, ensure that the grains are not broken, as broken grains are more susceptible to insect attacks.

Grain Moisture Content

When storing grain in warehouses, the moisture content should not exceed approximately 10%. If the grains break with a cracking sound when pressed between the teeth, the moisture content is appropriate. If the moisture content is high, dry the grain in the sun.

Filling Grain into Bags

Use new bags for storing grain. If using old bags, spray them thoroughly with a recommended pesticide solution and dry them before use. If possible, use hermetic bags or hermetic cocoons for storing wheat, which do not require fumigation and can keep the grain safe for a long time.

Cleaning Warehouses

Clean the warehouses thoroughly. If there are any cracks, seal them with mud or cement. Spray a suitable pesticide as advised by the Department of Agriculture staff and close the doors for at least 48 hours. Open the doors after this period. Do not enter the warehouses for 4 to 6 hours.

Fumigation

Use 30 to 35 tablets of aluminum phosphide per thousand cubic feet to control rodents and insects in warehouses. Fumigate the warehouses twice a year: once when storing the grain and again during the rainy season when humidity increases. During fumigation, the warehouses should be completely airtight and remain closed for at least seven days. Enter the warehouses 4 to 6 hours after opening them. Tie the pesticide tablets in a cloth and dispose of the ash afterwards; do not let it mix with the grain.

Protecting Grain from Rodents

To protect grain from rodents, make recommended poison pellets and place them on rodent pathways at night. The rodents will eat them and die.

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